Tim's Teachers Vocabulary Mastery - Chapter 7

Section 1 Learn the Words

Word	Part of speech	Definition	Chinese	Example
aggregate	verb	to combine separate amounts, items, or data into a total or whole	汇总；聚合	The researchers aggregate survey responses from five schools before analyzing the results.
anomaly	noun	something that differs from what is normal, expected, or typical	异常；反常现象	The unusually high temperature was treated as an anomaly until the instrument was checked.
autonomous	adjective	independent and able to govern or control itself	自主的；自治的	The robotics team designed an autonomous vehicle that could navigate the course without human control.
conclusive	adjective	strong enough to prove something or settle a question	决定性的；确凿的	The DNA evidence was conclusive and ended the dispute about the sample's origin.
concurrent	adjective	happening or existing at the same time	同时发生的；并存的	The school scheduled concurrent workshops, so students had to choose which one to attend.
correlate	verb	to show or have a relationship in which two things change or occur together	相互关联；相关	The study found that exercise levels correlate with reported energy levels.
cumulative	adjective	increasing or growing through repeated additions over time	累积的；累计的	The cumulative effect of small daily savings became significant after several years.
dissent	noun	disagreement with an accepted or majority opinion	异议；不同意见	One member expressed dissent when the committee approved the proposal.
empirical	adjective	based on observation, experience, or experiment rather than theory alone	实证的；经验性的	The scientist wanted empirical evidence before accepting the new explanation.
equivocal	adjective	unclear or open to more than one interpretation, often deliberately	模棱两可的；含糊的	The spokesperson gave an equivocal answer that avoided a clear yes or no.
exhaustive	adjective	complete and thorough, including all or nearly all possibilities	详尽的；全面的	The team conducted an exhaustive review of every available record.
hierarchy	noun	a system in which people or things are ranked by level or importance	等级制度；层级	The company hierarchy places department heads above team supervisors.
implicit	adjective	suggested or understood without being directly stated	含蓄的；隐含的	There was an implicit expectation that everyone would help clean up after the event.
indispensable	adjective	absolutely necessary and impossible to do without	不可缺少的；必需的	Accurate measurements are indispensable in a careful scientific experiment.
invoke	verb	to refer to or call upon a rule, authority, idea, or power for support	援引；调用	The lawyer chose to invoke a previous ruling to support the argument.
magnitude	noun	the great size, extent, or importance of something	规模；重要程度	The magnitude of the storm became clear only after the damage was surveyed.
precedent	noun	an earlier example or decision used to guide similar cases later	先例；前例	The court's earlier decision became a precedent for similar cases.
predominant	adjective	more common, powerful, or important than all others	主要的；占优势的	Blue was the predominant color in the artist's series of paintings.
proponent	noun	a person who supports or argues in favor of an idea or plan	支持者；倡导者	A leading proponent of the plan explained why the city should expand public transit.
rebut	verb	to respond to an argument by showing that it is wrong or weak	反驳；驳回	The debater used new evidence to rebut the opponent's claim.
relinquish	verb	to give up possession, control, or a claim voluntarily	放弃；交出	The captain agreed to relinquish command after the mission ended.
rigorous	adjective	extremely thorough, careful, or strict	严格的；严谨的	The study followed a rigorous testing process before the results were published.
substantiate	verb	to support a claim with evidence or proof	证实；用证据支持	The journalist needed documents to substantiate the accusation.
synthesize	verb	to combine different ideas or information into a new, unified whole	综合；合成	Students must synthesize information from several sources in the final essay.
transcend	verb	to go beyond the usual limits of something	超越；超过	The musician hoped her work would transcend cultural boundaries.
unprecedented	adjective	never known, done, or experienced before	前所未有的	The city faced an unprecedented demand for emergency shelter after the disaster.
viable	adjective	capable of working successfully or continuing to exist	可行的；能生存的	The committee rejected two options before finding a financially viable plan.
volatile	adjective	likely to change suddenly and unpredictably, especially in an unstable way	易变的；不稳定的	Prices remained volatile throughout the week, rising and falling sharply.
warrant	verb	to justify an action or make it necessary or appropriate	使有必要；证明…合理	The evidence was serious enough to warrant a full investigation.
withstand	verb	to resist or endure a difficult force, condition, or attack	经受住；抵挡	The bridge was designed to withstand powerful winds and heavy rain.

Section 2 Immediate Retrieval

#	Prompt	Answer	Scores as	Box
1	What lesson word means to respond to an argument by showing that it is wrong or weak?	rebut	rebut	-
2	What lesson word means more common, powerful, or important than all others?	predominant	predominant	-
3	What lesson word means to refer to or call upon a rule, authority, idea, or power for support?	invoke	invoke	-
4	What lesson word means a person who supports or argues in favor of an idea or plan?	proponent	proponent	-
5	What lesson word means something that differs from what is normal, expected, or typical?	anomaly	anomaly	-
6	What lesson word means to combine different ideas or information into a new, unified whole?	synthesize	synthesize	-
7	What lesson word means to resist or endure a difficult force, condition, or attack?	withstand	withstand	-
8	What lesson word means to give up possession, control, or a claim voluntarily?	relinquish	relinquish	-
9	What lesson word means independent and able to govern or control itself?	autonomous	autonomous	-
10	What lesson word means happening or existing at the same time?	concurrent	concurrent	-
11	What lesson word means disagreement with an accepted or majority opinion?	dissent	dissent	-
12	What lesson word means based on observation, experience, or experiment rather than theory alone?	empirical	empirical	-
13	What lesson word means to combine separate amounts, items, or data into a total or whole?	aggregate	aggregate	-
14	What lesson word means unclear or open to more than one interpretation, often deliberately?	equivocal	equivocal	-
15	What lesson word means capable of working successfully or continuing to exist?	viable	viable	-
16	What lesson word means complete and thorough, including all or nearly all possibilities?	exhaustive	exhaustive	-
17	What lesson word means increasing or growing through repeated additions over time?	cumulative	cumulative	-
18	What lesson word means to support a claim with evidence or proof?	substantiate	substantiate	-
19	What lesson word means to go beyond the usual limits of something?	transcend	transcend	-
20	What lesson word means strong enough to prove something or settle a question?	conclusive	conclusive	-
21	What lesson word means likely to change suddenly and unpredictably, especially in an unstable way?	volatile	volatile	-
22	What lesson word means an earlier example or decision used to guide similar cases later?	precedent	precedent	-
23	What lesson word means suggested or understood without being directly stated?	implicit	implicit	-
24	What lesson word means absolutely necessary and impossible to do without?	indispensable	indispensable	-
25	What lesson word means the great size, extent, or importance of something?	magnitude	magnitude	-
26	What lesson word means to justify an action or make it necessary or appropriate?	warrant	warrant	-
27	What lesson word means to show or have a relationship in which two things change or occur together?	correlate	correlate	-
28	What lesson word means a system in which people or things are ranked by level or importance?	hierarchy	hierarchy	-
29	What lesson word means extremely thorough, careful, or strict?	rigorous	rigorous	-
30	What lesson word means never known, done, or experienced before?	unprecedented	unprecedented	-

Section 3 Review from Earlier Chapters

#	Prompt	Answer	Scores as	Box
1	The expedition was delayed by ______ weather conditions in the mountains.	adverse	adverse	-
2	Which earlier word best completes the sentence? TL valid TR arbitrary BL deliberate BR consistent	arbitrary	arbitrary	TR
3	The researchers examined the information carefully. Which earlier vocabulary word fits?	analyze	analyze	-
4	The ______ donor quietly paid for supplies for several families who could not afford them.	benevolent	benevolent	-
5	Which earlier word best completes the sentence? TL patience TR curiosity BL acumen BR routine	acumen	acumen	BL
6	The manager estimated the amount roughly. Which earlier vocabulary word fits?	approximate	approximate	-
7	Donating the entire award to strangers in need was a(n) ______ act.	altruistic	altruistic	-
8	Which earlier word best completes the sentence? TL ornate TR luxurious BL comfortable BR austere	austere	austere	BR
9	The wording allowed more than one reasonable interpretation. Which earlier vocabulary word fits?	ambiguous	ambiguous	-
10	The engineers had to ______ the design after new safety data became available.	alter	alter	-
11	Which earlier word best completes the sentence? TL approach TR consequence BL factor BR criterion	approach	approach	TL
12	The speaker's harsh manner irritated everyone. Which earlier vocabulary word fits?	abrasive	abrasive	-

Correct-answer positions: TL 1 / TR 1 / BL 1 / BR 1

Section 4 Context Practice

#	Prompt	Answer	Scores as	Box
1	The search was ______, covering every room, record, and security video. TL exhaustive TR limited BL benevolent BR cursory	exhaustive	exhaustive	TL
2	The owner agreed to ______ control of the company after the sale was completed. TL assert TR relinquish BL retain BR expand	relinquish	relinquish	TR
3	In the final report, students must ______ ideas from three articles into one clear argument. TL list TR separate BL synthesize BR quote	synthesize	synthesize	BL
4	The fingerprint match was ______ enough to settle the question of who had touched the object. TL partial TR ambiguous BL tentative BR conclusive	conclusive	conclusive	BR
5	The analyst will ______ the results from all five surveys before calculating the final average. TL aggregate TR compare BL separate BR estimate	aggregate	aggregate	TL
6	The sudden drop in temperature was treated as ______ because every other reading followed the expected pattern. TL baseline TR anomaly BL trend BR pattern	anomaly	anomaly	TR
7	The novel's themes ______ the specific historical period and remain relevant today. TL narrow TR limit BL confine BR transcend	transcend	transcend	BR
8	The rover was ______ and could navigate the test course without instructions from a driver. TL supervised TR autonomous BL dependent BR manual	autonomous	autonomous	TR
9	The shelter was designed to ______ extreme winds during severe storms. TL withstand TR predict BL alter BR avoid	withstand	withstand	TL
10	As a longtime ______ of renewable energy, she spoke strongly in favor of the new solar project. TL opponent TR observer BL proponent BR critic	proponent	proponent	BL
11	One committee member voiced ______ after the majority approved the proposal. TL consensus TR dissent BL approval BR support	dissent	dissent	TR
12	The medical trial followed ______ procedures to reduce bias and error. TL flexible TR casual BL informal BR rigorous	rigorous	rigorous	BR
13	The committee searched for a solution that was ______ and could work within the available budget. TL viable TR impossible BL acumen BR temporary	viable	viable	TL
14	The ______ impact of many small delays eventually caused the project to finish two weeks late. TL isolated TR temporary BL cumulative BR arbitrary	cumulative	cumulative	BL
15	The region experienced ______ rainfall, exceeding every previously recorded total. TL seasonal TR unprecedented BL analyze BR ordinary	unprecedented	unprecedented	TR
16	His ______ response avoided committing to either side of the debate. TL decisive TR forthright BL explicit BR equivocal	equivocal	equivocal	BR
17	The organization uses a clear ______ in which directors supervise managers and managers supervise staff. TL hierarchy TR network BL benevolent BR sequence	hierarchy	hierarchy	TL
18	The judge looked for a legal ______ that could guide the decision in the unusual case. TL exception TR objection BL precedent BR approach	precedent	precedent	BL

Correct-answer positions: TL 5 / TR 5 / BL 4 / BR 4

Section 5 Semantic Discrimination

#	Prompt	Answer	Scores as	Box
1	A lawyer calls upon a constitutional right to defend a client. Which verb fits most precisely? TL mention TR invoke BL austere BR consult	invoke	invoke	TR
2	One species makes up nearly 80 percent of the animals in an ecosystem. Which adjective fits most precisely? TL common TR widespread BL prominent BR predominant	predominant	predominant	BR
3	A debater responds by showing that the opponent's main claim is false. Which verb fits most precisely? TL rebut TR criticize BL answer BR challenge	rebut	rebut	TL
4	A teacher never states an expectation, but the situation makes it clear. Which adjective fits most precisely? TL assumed TR indirect BL implicit BR ambiguous	implicit	implicit	BL
5	A discovery is serious enough to justify a full investigation. Which verb fits most precisely? TL warrant TR merit BL altruistic BR require	warrant	warrant	TL
6	A claim is supported by repeated experiments and measured observations. Which adjective fits most precisely? TL measured TR altruistic BL empirical BR scientific	empirical	empirical	BL
7	Two investigations are happening at the same time rather than one after the other. Which adjective fits most precisely? TL adjacent TR concurrent BL coordinated BR successive	concurrent	concurrent	TR
8	A journalist produces documents and recordings that support an accusation. Which verb fits most precisely? TL illustrate TR explain BL argue BR substantiate	substantiate	substantiate	BR
9	Officials are shocked by how large and severe the disaster is. Which noun fits most precisely? TL impact TR analyze BL scope BR magnitude	magnitude	magnitude	BR
10	As sleep time rises, concentration scores also tend to rise. Which verb fits most precisely? TL align TR interact BL correlate BR compare	correlate	correlate	BL
11	A situation changes rapidly and unpredictably, creating instability. Which adjective fits most precisely? TL variable TR volatile BL turbulent BR erratic	volatile	volatile	TR
12	A surgery cannot be performed safely without a particular piece of equipment. Which adjective fits most precisely? TL indispensable TR abrasive BL valuable BR important	indispensable	indispensable	TL

Correct-answer positions: TL 3 / TR 3 / BL 3 / BR 3

Section 6 Synonyms

#	Prompt	Answer	Scores as	Box	Notes
S1	HIERARCHY: TL network TR equality BL ranking BR cycle	ranking	hierarchy	BL	Network is tempting because hierarchy specifically involves ranked levels.
S2	EQUIVOCAL: TL ambiguous TR clear BL explicit BR definite	ambiguous	equivocal	TL	Explicit is tempting because equivocal language lacks a single clear meaning.
S3	VIABLE: TL feasible TR fragile BL temporary BR impossible	feasible	viable	TL	Impossible is tempting because viable means capable of working.
S4	CONCURRENT: TL separate TR delayed BL successive BR simultaneous	simultaneous	concurrent	BR	Successive is tempting because concurrent events happen at the same time.
S5	EXHAUSTIVE: TL selective TR comprehensive BL partial BR limited	comprehensive	exhaustive	TR	Cursory is tempting because exhaustive work is thorough.
S6	WITHSTAND: TL yield TR avoid BL endure BR collapse	endure	withstand	BL	Yield is tempting because withstand means resist rather than give way.
S7	RIGOROUS: TL flexible TR casual BL stringent BR lenient	stringent	rigorous	BL	Lenient is tempting because rigorous procedures are strict.
S8	MAGNITUDE: TL scale TR location BL detail BR frequency	scale	magnitude	TL	Detail is tempting because magnitude refers to overall size or extent.
S9	WARRANT: TL forbid TR prevent BL discourage BR justify	justify	warrant	BR	Prevent is tempting because warrant means give sufficient reason for action.
S10	IMPLICIT: TL written TR unstated BL explicit BR announced	unstated	implicit	TR	Explicit is tempting because implicit meaning is not directly stated.
S11	CONCLUSIVE: TL tentative TR uncertain BL partial BR decisive	decisive	conclusive	BR	Tentative is tempting because conclusive evidence settles a question.
S12	EMPIRICAL: TL observational TR speculative BL imagined BR theoretical	observational	empirical	TL	Theoretical is tempting because empirical claims depend on observed evidence.
S13	ANOMALY: TL pattern TR aberration BL norm BR standard	aberration	anomaly	TR	Pattern is tempting because anomalies are departures from normal patterns.
S14	PREDOMINANT: TL minor TR rare BL dominant BR secondary	dominant	predominant	BL	Secondary is tempting because predominant means more important or common than alternatives.
S15	RELINQUISH: TL surrender TR retain BL claim BR acquire	surrender	relinquish	TL	Retain is tempting because relinquish means give up rather than keep.
S16	CORRELATE: TL separate TR disconnect BL associate BR oppose	associate	correlate	BL	Separate is tempting because correlation concerns a relationship.
S17	CUMULATIVE: TL isolated TR single BL temporary BR accumulated	accumulated	cumulative	BR	Sporadic is tempting because cumulative describes a growing combined effect.
S18	SUBSTANTIATE: TL question TR verify BL weaken BR deny	verify	substantiate	TR	Question is tempting because substantiate means support with evidence.
S19	PRECEDENT: TL exception TR objection BL example BR prediction	example	precedent	BL	Exception is tempting because precedent guides later cases.
S20	INDISPENSABLE: TL optional TR essential BL replaceable BR minor	essential	indispensable	TR	Optional is tempting because indispensable means impossible to do without.
S21	INVOKE: TL ignore TR reject BL conceal BR cite	cite	invoke	BR	Ignore is tempting because invoke means actively call upon something for support.
S22	PROPONENT: TL advocate TR opponent BL critic BR observer	advocate	proponent	TL	Opponent is tempting because a proponent argues in favor.
S23	REBUT: TL repeat TR refute BL support BR accept	refute	rebut	TR	Support is tempting because rebut means answer by showing weakness or error.
S24	AUTONOMOUS: TL dependent TR controlled BL subordinate BR independent	independent	autonomous	BR	Supervised is tempting because autonomous means self-governing.
S25	DISSENT: TL disagreement TR consensus BL approval BR support	disagreement	dissent	TL	Consensus is tempting because dissent opposes a prevailing view.
S26	SYNTHESIZE: TL divide TR fragment BL integrate BR separate	integrate	synthesize	BL	Separate is tempting because synthesize means combine into a whole.
S27	VOLATILE: TL stable TR steady BL predictable BR unstable	unstable	volatile	BR	Stable is tempting because volatile conditions can shift suddenly.
S28	TRANSCEND: TL surpass TR confine BL restrict BR limit	surpass	transcend	TL	Limit is tempting because transcend means go beyond limits.
S29	UNPRECEDENTED: TL familiar TR customary BL novel BR routine	novel	unprecedented	BL	Routine is tempting because unprecedented events have no prior example.
S30	AGGREGATE: TL divide TR combine BL separate BR scatter	combine	aggregate	TR	Separate is tempting because aggregate means bring parts together.

Correct-answer positions: TL 8 / TR 7 / BL 8 / BR 7

Section 7 Cumulative Reading

A Decision About the Science Building — target words used in the passage: exhaustive, anomaly, cumulative, proponent, viable, substantiate, empirical, withstand, dissent, invoke, precedent, magnitude, warrant, concurrent, correlate, conclusive, equivocal, implicit, rigorous, aggregate, synthesize, predominant, autonomous, relinquish, transcend, unprecedented

Section 8 Reading & Application

#	Prompt	Answer	Box	Notes
1	Why did the board hesitate to make an immediate decision after the first round of reports? TL The board had no information about construction costs. TR The school had already decided to abandon the building. BL The engineers refused to inspect the damaged wing. BR The findings were not yet clear or complete enough to settle the issue.	The findings were not yet clear or complete enough to settle the issue.	BR	Passage: “The findings were not immediately conclusive. One report used equivocal language, and several assumptions remained implicit.”
2	What evidence supported the argument that renovation might be viable? TL Testing showed that most of the foundation remained strong enough to handle additional stress. TR The school had never experienced moisture problems before. BL Replacement would let students remain in the building during construction. BR Every part of the building was undamaged.	Testing showed that most of the foundation remained strong enough to handle additional stress.	TL	Passage: “To substantiate that claim, she cited empirical test results showing that most of the foundation remained strong enough to withstand additional stress.”
3	What did the final analysis reveal about the building's main problem? TL The entire foundation needed replacement. TR The soil beneath every part of the building was unstable. BL The most serious problem was concentrated in one section rather than spread throughout the building. BR The damage was caused mainly by poor ventilation.	The most serious problem was concentrated in one section rather than spread throughout the building.	BL	Passage: “It showed that the predominant problem was limited to one section and that an autonomous drainage system could prevent future moisture buildup.”
4	Why did some original critics eventually support renovation?	The stronger evidence showed that the problem was limited and manageable with a viable plan and strict safety checks.	-	Passage: “After reviewing the evidence, even several original critics agreed that the revised plan could transcend the earlier disagreement.” Model response: The stronger evidence showed that the problem was limited and manageable with a viable plan and strict safety checks.
5	Describe a claim that should be supported with empirical evidence before people accept it. Explain what evidence could substantiate it.	A claim that a new study method improves test scores should be supported with empirical evidence from student results. Repeated test data could substantiate the claim.	-	Model response: A claim that a new study method improves test scores should be supported with empirical evidence from student results. Repeated test data could substantiate the claim.
6	Describe a situation in which someone might express dissent because a past precedent suggests a different decision.	A student council member might express dissent about changing a rule if an earlier precedent showed that the old rule solved the same problem fairly.	-	Model response: A student council member might express dissent about changing a rule if an earlier precedent showed that the old rule solved the same problem fairly.
7	Explain why a plan can seem viable at first but still require rigorous testing before it is approved.	A plan may appear practical and affordable, but rigorous testing can reveal safety problems or hidden costs before approval.	-	Model response: A plan may appear practical and affordable, but rigorous testing can reveal safety problems or hidden costs before approval.

Correct-answer positions: TL 1 / TR 0 / BL 1 / BR 1

Section 9 Final Retrieval

#	Prompt	Answer	Scores as	Box
1	A member formally disagrees with the majority view. Which lesson word fits?	dissent	dissent	-
2	A total grows larger as repeated additions build up over time. Which lesson word fits?	cumulative	cumulative	-
3	A structure resists severe pressure without failing. Which lesson word fits?	withstand	withstand	-
4	An earlier decision is used to guide a similar case. Which lesson word fits?	precedent	precedent	-
5	Two measured factors tend to rise and fall together. Which lesson word fits?	correlate	correlate	-
6	A message is understood even though it is never directly stated. Which lesson word fits?	implicit	implicit	-
7	Something is so necessary that the task cannot be completed without it. Which lesson word fits?	indispensable	indispensable	-
8	The available evidence is strong enough to justify further action. Which lesson word fits?	warrant	warrant	-
9	An event has never occurred before in recorded experience. Which lesson word fits?	unprecedented	unprecedented	-
10	A review includes nearly every relevant source and possibility. Which lesson word fits?	exhaustive	exhaustive	-
11	A claim is supported with documents, data, or other proof. Which lesson word fits?	substantiate	substantiate	-
12	A speaker calls upon a rule or authority to support an argument. Which lesson word fits?	invoke	invoke	-
13	A conclusion is based on observations and experiments rather than theory alone. Which lesson word fits?	empirical	empirical	-
14	A proposal is realistic and capable of working successfully. Which lesson word fits?	viable	viable	-
15	One influence is more common or important than all the others. Which lesson word fits?	predominant	predominant	-
16	An organization arranges people in ranked levels of authority. Which lesson word fits?	hierarchy	hierarchy	-
17	A person actively argues in favor of a proposal. Which lesson word fits?	proponent	proponent	-
18	One result does not match the pattern shown by nearly every other result. Which lesson word fits?	anomaly	anomaly	-
19	Several smaller sets of information are combined into one total dataset. Which lesson word fits?	aggregate	aggregate	-
20	Someone voluntarily gives up control or a claim. Which lesson word fits?	relinquish	relinquish	-
21	Officials are concerned about the enormous size and extent of a problem. Which lesson word fits?	magnitude	magnitude	-
22	A process uses very strict, thorough, and careful standards. Which lesson word fits?	rigorous	rigorous	-
23	An answer is deliberately unclear and could be interpreted in more than one way. Which lesson word fits?	equivocal	equivocal	-
24	Two separate events are happening at the same time. Which lesson word fits?	concurrent	concurrent	-
25	A speaker responds by showing that another person's argument is weak or false. Which lesson word fits?	rebut	rebut	-
26	A machine can operate independently without constant human control. Which lesson word fits?	autonomous	autonomous	-
27	Information from several sources is combined into one unified explanation. Which lesson word fits?	synthesize	synthesize	-
28	An idea goes beyond the usual limits of time, place, or category. Which lesson word fits?	transcend	transcend	-
29	Conditions change sharply and unpredictably. Which lesson word fits?	volatile	volatile	-
30	The evidence settles the question and leaves no reasonable doubt. Which lesson word fits?	conclusive	conclusive	-